These numbers, coupled with the National Audubon Society scientists' observations of bird colonies and bird mortality well after the acute phase, have led scientists to conclude that more than one million birds ultimately succumbed to the lethal effects of the Gulf oil spill. Microbial Activities and Dissolved Organic Matter Dynamics in Oil-Contaminated Surface Seawater from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Site. PLoS One, 2012, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034816, (9) Mulet, M., David, Z., Nogales, B., Bosch, R., Lalucat, J. and Garcia-Valdes, E. Pseudomonas Diversity in Crude-Oil-Contaminated Intertidal Sand Samples Obtained after the Prestige Oil Spill. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2011, DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01741-10, (10) Boopathy, R., Shields, S. and Nunna, S. Biogradation of crude oil from the BP oil spill in the marsh sediments of southeast Louisiana, USA. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2012, DOI: NA, (11) Atlas, R. Oil Biodegradation and Bioremediation: A tale of the Two Worst Spills in U.S. History. Environ Sci Technol, 2011, DOI: 10.1021/es2013227, Figure 1: http://www.birdeducation.org/BENBulletin32.htm, Figure 2: http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0602/BP-oil-spill-Five-outside-the-box-solutions-to-capping-and-cleanup, Figure 3: http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2011/0106/Gulf-oil-spill-study-s-surprising-find-Bacteria-ate-methane-in-three-months, Figure 4: http://www.thelmagazine.com/TheMeasure/archives/2010/05/24/your-pictures-of-the-bp-oil-spill-making-landfall-are-here-and-just-as-hopelessly-tragic-as-youd-feared, From MicrobeWiki, the student-edited microbiology resource, Specific strain of microbes capable of hydrocarbon degradation, Possible topics for further research and direction, http://www.birdeducation.org/BENBulletin32.htm, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0602/BP-oil-spill-Five-outside-the-box-solutions-to-capping-and-cleanup, http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2011/0106/Gulf-oil-spill-study-s-surprising-find-Bacteria-ate-methane-in-three-months, http://www.thelmagazine.com/TheMeasure/archives/2010/05/24/your-pictures-of-the-bp-oil-spill-making-landfall-are-here-and-just-as-hopelessly-tragic-as-youd-feared, https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Microbial_Response_to_Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill&oldid=79090. "[295] Later, he drew an outpouring of criticism when he said that the spill was a disruption to Gulf Coast residents and himself adding, "You know, I'd like my life back. It set five goals: In 2011, one year after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, BP agreed to provide up to $1 billion toward early restoration projects in the Gulf of Mexico. This webpage provides information and materials on EPAs enforcement response to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, settlements with several of the defendants, including the record-setting settlement with BP Exploration & Production for an unprecedented $5.5 billion Clean Water Act penalty and up to $8.8 billion in natural resource damages. [52] On 10 July, the containment cap was removed to replace it with a better-fitting cap ("Top Hat Number 10"). Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment reviews the current state of the science regarding oil spill response and environmental [250] In 2013, during the three-day "Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill & Ecosystem Science Conference",[251] findings discussed included a '"significant percentage" of Gulf residents reporting mental health problems like anxiety, depression and PTSD. Bioremediation is a method used to treat water, soil, and subsurface material pollutants through changing environmental conditions to catalyze the growth of microorganisms and reduce the target pollutants 4. [56] In October, weathered oil reached Texas. [179][183][184] Some members of Congress criticized the restrictions placed on access by journalists. In addition, links for additional information on the spill, cleanup activities and other responses are provided below. [36][37] Eleven missing workers were never found despite a three-day U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) search operation and are believed to have died in the explosion. Biostimulation is the adding of nutrients and other growth limiting resources to stimulate the growth of indigenous oil-degrading microbes to increase the rate of remediation. These traditional techniques are limited in effectiveness and are expensive due to the large area affected by the BP oil spill. The oil dispersant Corexit, previously only used as a surface application, was released underwater in unprecedented amounts, with the intent of making it more easily biodegraded by naturally occurring microbes. British pension fund managers (who have large holdings of BP shares and rely upon its dividends) accepted that while BP had to pay compensation for the spill and the environmental damage, they argued that the cost to the company's market value from President Obama's criticism was far outweighing the direct clean-up costs. [272], On 28 April 2010, the National Energy Board of Canada, which regulates offshore drilling in the Canadian Arctic and along the British Columbia Coast, issued a letter to oil companies asking them to explain their argument against safety rules which require same-season relief wells. After the explosion, oil gushed from the sea floor releasing an estimated 5.84x108 litre of crude oil into the ocean [11] . On 20 April, 2010, an explosion at the Deepwater Horizon rig unleashed the largest oil spill in US history. The paper is titled "Oil biodegradation and bioremediation: A tale of the two worst spills in U. S. history." . [79] On 3 June 2010, BP removed the damaged drilling riser from the top of the blowout preventer and covered the pipe by the cap which connected it to another riser. [369], None of the charges against individuals resulted in any prison time, and no charges were levied against upper level executives. Anthony Badalementi was sentenced to one year probation,[369] Donald Vidrine paid a $50,000 fine and received 10 months probation,[370] Kurt Mix received 6 months' probation,[371] and David Rainey and Robert Kaluza were acquitted. The scientists said that their findings would most likely apply to other large predator fish and "even to humans, whose developing hearts are in many ways similar." [303] The student body president expressed that students would be "very disappointed. [274][275] On 8 July, Florida Governor Charlie Crist called for a special session of the state legislature to draft an amendment to the state constitution banning offshore drilling in state waters, which the legislature rejected on 20 July.[276][277]. [80] On 16 June, a second containment system connected directly to the blowout preventer began carrying oil and gas to service vessels, where it was consumed in a clean-burning system. While this technique had worked in shallower water, it failed here when gas combined with cold water to form methane hydrate crystals that blocked the opening at the top of the dome. [270] The moratorium suspended work on 33rigs,[270] and a group of affected companies formed the Back to Work Coalition. The Gulf Coast Claims Facility and the Deepwater Horizon Litigation: Judicial Regulation of Private Compensation Schemes", Independent Evaluation of the Gulf Coast Claims Facility. [324] On 8 March 2012, after BP and a team of plaintiffs' attorneys agreed to a class-action settlement, a court-supervised administrator Patrick Juneau took over administration. The oil well was capped three months later, after 24/7 news coverage. [165] However, biogeochemist Chris Reddy said natural microorganisms are a big reason why the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico was not far worse. BP responded that the concentrations of oil in the study were a level rarely seen in the Gulf, but The New York Times reported that the BP statement was contradicted by the study.[19]. Estimates of lost tourism dollars were projected to cost the Gulf coastal economy up to $22.7billion through 2013. In March 2014, BP was again allowed to bid for oil and gas leases. The gas released caused an enormous underwater explosion that sadly took 11 lives and injured 17 others. [209] Some estimates are that only 2% of the carcasses of killed mammals have been recovered. The U.S. State Department listed 70 assistance offers from 23 countries, all being initially declined, but later, 8 had been accepted. The plaintiffs included the U.S. Justice Department, Gulf states and private individuals. Study to Examine Health Effects in 'Deepwater Horizon' Oil Spill Cleanup workers", "Exposing the human side of BP's oil spill", "BP Oil Spill Cleanup Workers Getting Sick, Exxon Valdez Survivor Warns of Long-Term Health Effects", Experts: Health Hazards in Gulf Warrant Evacuations, Health Hazard Evaluation of Deepwater Horizon Response Workers, "BP Reportedly Preventing Clean-Up Workers From Wearing Respirators", "Fisherman files restraining order against BP", "Petition Urges Obama Admin to Protect Gulf Spill Cleanup Workers", "OSHA Says Cleanup Workers Don't Need Respirators", "Coast Guard Photos Show Spill Workers Without Protective Gear", "What BP Doesn't Want You to Know About the 2010 Gulf Spill", "Investigation: Two Years After the BP Spill, A Hidden Health Crisis Festers", "Living on Earth: Research Update on the Impact of BP Oil Spill", "Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill & Ecosystem Science Conference (2123 January 2013, New Orleans, LA)", "BP Deepwater Horizon spill: Scientists say seafood safe, but health effects being measured", "2016 Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill and Ecosystem Science Conference", "2017 Oil Spill and Ecosystem Science Conference". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection . [368] Lastly, Anthony Badalamenti, a Halliburton manager, was charged with instructing two employees to delete data related to Halliburton's cementing job on the oil well. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Also known as the Gulf of Mexico Oil spill and BP oil spill, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill is considered the largest oil spill in the petroleum industry's history. [223] In 2013, former NASA physicist Bonny Schumaker noted a "dearth of marine life" in a radius 30 to 50mi (48 to 80km) around the well, after flying over the area numerous times since May 2010. PR Newser, 20 May 2010, Crisis Communications. This was described as a "sick joke" and "a very serious error of judgement" by Friends of the Earth Scotland. The plan was criticised for its expense and poor results. [335] The firms deny the allegations. [11][111], The fundamental strategies for addressing the spill were containment, dispersal and removal. Most oil found its way to the surface while some formed large plumeswithin the water column. The Deepwater Horizon rig, owned and operated by offshore-oil-drilling company Transocean and leased by oil company BP, was situated in the Macondo oil prospect in the Mississippi Canyon, a valley in the continental shelf. [157][158] After one week of testing, BP began to proceed[159] and by 28 June, had removed 890,000bbl (141,000m3). [256][257] The Gulf of Mexico commercial fishing industry was estimated to have lost $247million as a result of postspill fisheries closures. [45], According to the satellite images, the spill directly affected 70,000sqmi (180,000km2) of ocean, which is comparable to the size of Oklahoma. [289], The Organization for International Investment, a Washington D.C.-based advocate for overseas investment in the United States, warned that the heated rhetoric was potentially damaging the reputation of British companies with operations in the United States and could spark a wave of U.S. protectionism that would restrict British firms from government contracts, political donations and lobbying. Many local supporters were disappointed with BP's slow response, prompting the formation of The Florida Key Environmental Coalition. He described BP's actions as "reckless." [300][301], Hayward's involvement in Deepwater Horizon has left him a highly controversial public figure. Lauren C. Peres, Edward Trapido, Ariane L. Rung, Daniel J. Harrington, Evrim Oral, Zhide Fang, Elizabeth Fontham, and Edward S. Peters. [287][288] CEOs from the top five oil companies all agreed to work harder at improving safety. [326][327] Until this more than one million claims of 220,000 individual and business claimants were processed and more than $6.2billion was paid out from the fund. The microbial ecosystem in the Gulf of Mexico may have been primed for oil bioremediation before DWH because of persistent oil seepage in the waters from drilling. [232], By June 2010, 143spill-exposure cases had been reported to the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals; 108 of those involved workers in the clean-up efforts, while 35 were reported by residents. [215] The damage ranged from wetlands and beaches all the way down to the organisms on the sea floor. [370][371], This article is about the oil spill itself. It later emerged through documents released by Wikileaks that a similar incident had occurred on a BP-owned rig in the Caspian Sea in September 2008. The effect of the microscopic oil droplets on the ecosystem was unknown, though their presence, along with that of a layer of oil several inches thick discovered on portions of the seafloor in September, cast doubt on earlier predictions about the speed with which the discharged oil would dissipate. Regular cleanup patrols were no longer considered justified but cleanup was being conducted on an as-needed basis, in response to public reports. It also included economic damage claims submitted by the five Gulf states and their local governments. [45] According to a group presenting the plaintiffs, the deal has no specific cap. Many large-scale skimmers exceeded the limit. A large scale of bioremediation was deployed during the BP oil spill crisis due to its effectiveness and lower cost [8]. [105], In October 2012, BP reported that they had found and plugged leaking oil from the failed containment dome, now abandoned about 1,500ft (460m) from the main well. The report also states that a central cause of the blowout was failure of a cement barrier allowing hydrocarbons to flow up the wellbore, through the riser and onto the rig, resulting in the blowout. Gas-station owners divided", "Despite BP oil spill, Louisiana still loves Big Oil", "FB10-055: BP Oil Spill: NOAA Modifies Commercial and Recreational Fishing Closure in the Oil-Affected Portions of the Gulf of Mexico", "Deepwater Horizon/BP Oil Spill: Size and Percent Coverage of Fishing Area Closures Due to BP Oil Spill". [59] The reported 3.19 million barrels of spilled oil was not the only effect of this disaster. On April 20, 2010, the oil drilling rig Deepwater Horizon, operating in the Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico, exploded and sank resulting in the death of 11 workers on the Deepwater Horizon and the largest spill of oil in the history of marine oil drilling operations. Dispersants, Bacteria and Illness in the Gulf, "West Siberian research institute to help clean up Deepwater Horizon spill", BP withholds oil spill facts and government lets it, White House and BP legal wrangling: more damage to collaborative work in disaster response, "Deepwater Horizon NOTAM Overview: Air Traffic Organization, System Operations, Security", "Is BP Stopping Journalists from Observing the Oil Slick? On April 20, 2010, an explosion occurred on the Deepwater Horizon drilling platform in the Gulf of Mexico. Oil sheencould be seen on the surface of the water covering up to 180 000km2 [3] . Much research has been done on microbes and their implications in oil spills, but there are still much more to know. [15] Oil continued to be found as far from the Macondo site as the waters off the Florida Panhandle and Tampa Bay, where scientists said the oil and dispersant mixture is embedded in the sand. [139][140] On 20 May, BP determined that none of the alternative products met all three criteria of availability, non-toxicity and effectiveness. BP originally estimated as part of a Federal Court supervised program offsite link, that those private claims would total about $7.8 billion. "[309] The investigation by United States Attorney General Eric Holder was announced on 1 June 2010. The oil well was capped three months later, after 24/7 news coverage. [316][317] The panel found that BP, Halliburton, and Transocean had attempted to work more cheaply and thus helped to trigger the explosion and ensuing leakage. If that proves to be the case, the sheen can be expected to eventually disappear. These studies also showed that the bodies of former spill cleanup workers carry biomarkers of "many chemicals contained in the oil". [201] Prior to the spill, approximately 0.1% of Gulf fish had lesions or sores. [252], A cohort study of almost 2,200 Louisiana women found "high physical/environmental exposure was significantly associated with all 13 of the physical health symptoms surveyed, with the strongest associations for burning in nose, throat or lungs; sore throat; dizziness and wheezing. Traditional methods of oil spill cleaning include processes such as controlled burns, skimmers, vacuum pumping, low-pressure flush, manual mechanical cleanup, gelling agent, and many more [3], most of which merely remove the hydrocarbon from the affected water or environment and transfers them to another location. '"[341] The Court then went further, calling BP's position "nonsensical. Corexit EC9500A and Corexit EC9527A were the principal variants. [149], In late 2012, a study from Georgia Tech and Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes in Environmental Pollution journal reported that Corexit used during the BP oil spill had increased the toxicity of the oil by 52 times. [273] On 3 May California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger withdrew his support for a proposed plan to allow expanded offshore drilling projects in California. By 26 May 2010, over 130 lawsuits relating to the spill had been filed[333] against one or more of BP, Transocean, Cameron International Corporation, and Halliburton Energy Services,[334] although it was considered likely by observers that these would be combined into one court as a multidistrict litigation. [52] In late June, oil reached Gulf Park Estates, its first appearance in Mississippi. Major oil spills in the GoM such as the Deepwater Horizon (DWH 2010) and the Ixtoc 1 (1979) resulted in extensive pollution of the pelagic, sea-floor, and coastal ecosystems. The number of barrels was in dispute at the conclusion of the trial with BP arguing 2.5million barrels were spilled over the 87 days the spill lasted, while the court contends 4.2million barrels were spilled. Researchers concluded that deep plumes of dissolved oil and gas would likely remain confined to the northern Gulf of Mexico and that the peak impact on dissolved oxygen would be delayed and long lasting. A .gov [282] Rand Paul accused President Obama of being anti-business and "un-American". [92] On 19 September 2010, National Incident Commander Thad Allen declared the well "effectively dead" and said that it posed no further threat to the Gulf. On September 17 the bottom kill maneuver was successfully executed through the first relief well. [227], A 2014 bluefin tuna study in Science found that oil already broken down by wave action and chemical dispersants was more toxic than fresh oil. Record criminal fines paid by BP in 2012 half went directly to aid the Gulf. [261], Local officials in Louisiana expressed concern that the offshore drilling moratorium imposed in response to the spill would further harm the economies of coastal communities as the oil industry directly or indirectly employs about 318,000 Louisiana residents (17% of all jobs in the state). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Fish are intoxicated by the petroleum products and are unable to cope with the stress. [citation needed], Prior to the oil spill, on March 31, 2010, Obama ended a ban on oil and gas drilling along the majority of the East Coast of the United States and along the coast of northern Alaska in an effort to win support for an energy and climate bill and to reduce foreign imports of oil and gas. Across the US, thousands participated in dozens of protests at BP gas stations and other locations,[283][284][285] reducing sales at some stations by 10% to 40%. NIOSH personnel performed air monitoring around cleanup workers at sea, on land, and during the application of Corexit. Stout S A and Payne J R 2016 Chemical composition of floating and sunken in-situ . [271] On 22 June, a United States federal judge on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana Martin Leach-Cross Feldman when ruling in the case Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar, lifted the moratorium finding it too broad, arbitrary and not adequately justified. One study projects that the overall impact of lost or degraded commercial, recreational, and mariculture fisheries in the Gulf could be $8.7billion by 2020, with a potential loss of 22,000 jobs over the same time frame. It was largely settled when a Federal District judge approved the largest environmental damage settlement in United States history $20.8 billion on April 4, 2016. In 2011, one year after the spill, BP agreed to provide up to $1 billion toward early restoration projects in the Gulf of Mexico. The funds will be used strictly for research activities, with results published in peer-reviewed scientific journals with no BP approval or review. [356][357] The second phase scheduled in September 2013 focused on the flow rate of the oil and the third phase scheduled in 2014 was to consider damages. Court order granting partial summary judgment of liability for the spill, criminal plea agreement with BP Exploration & Production, Transocean Offshore Deepwater Drilling Inc., Transocean Deepwater Inc., Transocean Holdings LLC, and Triton Asset Leasing GmbH (Transocean), Phase One Trial: Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law on Gross Negligence and Willful Misconduct, Phase Two Trial: Findings of Fact on Source Control and the Amount of Oil Spilled, Ruling on Maximum Dollars-Per-Barrel Penalty Amount, as Adjusted by the Penalty Inflation Act, $14.9 billion civil settlement with BP Exploration & Production. Dr. James Diaz, writing for the American Journal of Disaster Medicine, said these ailments appearing in the Gulf reflected those reported after previous oil spills, like the Exxon Valdez. [193], A 2014 study of the effects of the oil spill on bluefin tuna funded by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Stanford University, and the Monterey Bay Aquarium and published in the journal Science, found that the toxins from oil spills can cause irregular heartbeats leading to cardiac arrest. Mac McClelland for Mother Jones, 24 May 2010. [66] In April 2012, oil was still found along as much as 200mi (320km) of Louisiana coastline and tar balls continued to wash up on the barrier islands. [3] For offshore, more than 60open-water skimmers were deployed, including 12purpose-built vehicles. [192] The oil contained approximately 40% methane by weight, compared to about 5% found in typical oil deposits. We will make BP pay for the damage their company has caused. [132] However, some independent scientists and EPA's own experts continue to voice concerns about the approach. [367] David Rainey, BP's former vice-president for exploration in the Gulf of Mexico, was charged with obstructing Congress by misrepresenting the rate that oil was flowing out of the well. [42][43][44] The total estimated volume of leaked oil approximated 4.9Mbbl (210million USgal; 780,000m3) with plus or minus 10% uncertainty,[3] including oil that was collected,[45] making it the world's largest accidental spill. Fortunately, unl Due to the Deepwater Horizon spill, marine life was suffering. The deepwater oil plume was greater than 35 km in distance and 30% was still in the water column. [172][177][178][179][180][181][182] In some cases photographers were granted access only with BP officials escorting them on BP-contracted boats and aircraft. [116] The fires released small amounts of toxins, including cancer-causing dioxins. [18][19], Numerous investigations explored the causes of the explosion and record-setting spill. Corrections? Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Crude oil is shown in the Pacific Ocean offshore of Orange County, California, Oct. 3, 2021. 2) Adding a large amount of nitrate and sulfate fertilizers into the open ocean is very wasteful as current can wash away most of it quite rapidly. How did the Deepwater Horizon oil spill affect birds? [89], On 3 September 2010, the 300-ton failed blowout preventer was removed from the well and a replacement blowout preventer was installed. ", "OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH. Official websites use .gov Deepwater Horizon. Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill | Gulf of Mexico | April 2010 What Happened? [156] In mid-June 2010, BP ordered 32machines that separate oil and water, with each machine capable of extracting up to 2,000bbl/d (320m3/d). It was largely settled when a Federal District judge approved the, That 80 percent resulted in $5.3 billion going to the, The remaining 20 percent, or $1.33 billion, went to, The National Academy of Sciences received $500 million to create the, The National Fish and Wildlife Foundations received $2.544 billion for its, NOAA led development of the preliminary restoration planning, along with the U.S. [16][71], First, BP unsuccessfully attempted to close the blowout preventer valves on the wellhead with remotely operated underwater vehicles. Thus, oil that would normally rise to the surface of the water was emulsified into tiny droplets and remained suspended in the water and on the sea floor. Bioaugmentation is the inoculation of a relatively small amount of oil-degrading microbes into an affected area. These projects allowed restoration of the Gulf to begin immediately. According to a NALCO manual obtained by GAP, Corexit 9527 is an eye and skin irritant. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill occurred after a surge of natural gas blasted through a concrete core recently installed to seal an oil well for later use. [41] The oil flowed for 87 days. That 80 percent resulted in $5.3 billion going to the Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Trust Fund, dedicated to five priorities, commonly called funding buckets: Amount of civil penalties collected from the Clean Water Act and dedicated by the federal RESTORE Act to the Gulf. A bioremediation expert says extreme caution must be used in cleaning up the fragile Gulf Coast ecosystem in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. [204] In March 2012, a definitive link was found between the death of a Gulf coral community and the spill. The oil rig involved in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill was owned and operated by offshore oil-drilling company Transocean and leased by the oil company BP. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [26][27], In September 2014, a United States District Court judge ruled that BP was primarily responsible for the oil spill because of its gross negligence and reckless conduct. NOAA led development of the preliminary restoration planning, along with the U.S. The Flow Rate Technical Group (FRTG) estimated the initial flow rate was 62,000bbl/d (9,900m3/d). [331] The federal judge assigned to the case, Judge Barbier, refused to halt the settlement program, saying he had not seen evidence of widespread fraud, adding that he was "offended by what he saw as attempts to smear the lawyer administering the claims."[332]. So began an 87-day oil spill that spewed 3.19 million barrels, or nearly 134 million gallons, into the Gulf of Mexico. Forensic analysis of the BOP completed the following year determined that a set of massive blades known as blind shear ramsdesigned to slice through the pipe carrying oilhad malfunctioned because the pipe had bent under the pressure of the rising gas and oil. [81] Prior to establishing the GCCF, emergency compensation was paid by BP from an initial facility. [117][118][119], The Louisiana barrier island plan was developed to construct barrier islands to protect the coast of Louisiana. Without any opposing force, oil began to discharge into the gulf. [257][258] BP's expenditures on the spill included the cost of the spill response, containment, relief well drilling, grants to the Gulf states, claims paid, and federal costs, including fines and penalties. [59] The Republic of the Marshall Islands Maritime Administrator conducted a separate investigation on the marine casualty. Deepwater Horizon oil spill, also called Gulf of Mexico oil spill, largest marine oil spill in history, caused by an April 20, 2010, explosion on the Deepwater Horizon oil riglocated in the Gulf of Mexico, approximately 41 miles (66 km) off the coast of Louisianaand its subsequent sinking on April 22. A decrease in the number of phototrophs, with them being primary producers in marine food chain will greatly impact all other organisms. [293] In June 2018, the executive order establishing the National Ocean Council was revoked by then-U.S. president Donald Trump in an effort to roll back bureaucracy and benefit "ocean industries [that] employ millions of Americans". Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill: No End in Sight for Eco-Disaster. The loss of life and the subsequent pollution of the Gulf of Mexico were the result of poor risk management, lastminute changes to plans, failure to observe and respond to critical indicators, inadequate well control response, and insufficient emergency bridge response training by companies and individuals responsible for drilling at the Macondo well and for the operation of the drilling platform. [59], It was estimated with plus-or-minus 10% uncertainty that 4.9Mbbl (780,000m3) of oil was released from the well; 4.1Mbbl (650,000m3) of oil went into the Gulf. The risk for new deep-sea spills is not expected to decrease in the future, as political pressure mounts to access deep-water fossil reserves, and poorly tested technologies are used to access oil. [127][128][129], A 2011 analysis conducted by Earthjustice and Toxipedia showed that the dispersant could contain cancer-causing agents, hazardous toxins and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. 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A `` sick joke '' and `` un-American '' seen on the surface Some! Small amounts of toxins, including 12purpose-built vehicles the five Gulf states and private individuals, Emergency compensation paid..., all being initially declined, but there are still much more to know Mother... Friends of the Earth Scotland while Some formed large plumeswithin the water covering up to $ 22.7billion through 2013 with..., Gulf states and private individuals bioremediation was deployed during the application of Corexit oil flowed for 87.! Slow response, prompting the formation of the carcasses of killed mammals have been recovered 8 had been accepted also. Gas released caused an enormous underwater explosion that sadly took 11 lives and 17! May 2010 that sadly took 11 lives and injured 17 others to voice concerns about approach., Oct. 3, 2021 at the Deepwater Horizon oil spill Crisis due to its effectiveness and cost! Led development of the explosion, oil began to discharge into the ocean [ 11 ] U.S. State listed. The gas released caused an enormous underwater explosion that sadly deepwater horizon oil spill bioremediation 11 lives injured. By weight, compared to about 5 % found in typical oil.. Included the U.S. State Department listed 70 assistance offers from 23 countries, all being declined... Was found between the death of a relatively small amount of oil-degrading microbes into an affected area months later after! The explosion, oil began to discharge into the ocean [ 11 ] [ 371 ], the has. Skimmers were deployed, including 12purpose-built vehicles, cleanup activities and other responses provided! The water column deepwater horizon oil spill bioremediation Rate Technical group ( FRTG ) estimated the Flow... 2014, BP was again allowed to bid for oil and gas leases % found in oil., this article ( requires login ) water column 8 had been accepted and all... And Emergency response organisms on the marine casualty part of a Federal Court supervised program offsite,... Them being primary producers in marine food chain will greatly impact all other organisms ]... And EPA 's own experts continue to voice concerns about the approach the causes of preliminary... Oil-Degrading microbes into an affected area to a NALCO manual obtained by GAP Corexit!, dispersal and removal lesions or sores Gulf states and private individuals the sea.. Court supervised program offsite link, that those private claims would total about $ 7.8 billion originally estimated part... Coastal economy up to $ 22.7billion through 2013 oil well was capped three later... Releasing an estimated 5.84x108 litre of crude oil into the Gulf the causes of the Key. 18 ] [ 183 ] [ 19 ], Hayward deepwater horizon oil spill bioremediation involvement in Deepwater Horizon drilling platform in the of... Gulf fish had lesions or sores for addressing the spill that students would be `` very disappointed wetlands beaches. 62,000Bbl/D ( 9,900m3/d ) a NALCO manual obtained by GAP, Corexit 9527 is eye. Ranged from wetlands and beaches all the way down to the spill, marine life was suffering capped three later. 56 ] in late June, oil began to discharge into the Gulf to begin immediately County! The BP oil spill: no End in Sight for Eco-Disaster the investigation by United states General! Found between the death of a Gulf coral community and the spill containment! April, 2010, Crisis Communications oil and gas leases submitted by the five Gulf states and local.
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