[109], Most mosques in Sofia were destroyed in that war, seven of them destroyed in one night in December 1878 when a thunderstorm masked the noise of the explosions arranged by Russian military engineers. The city was called Atralisa by the Arab traveller Idrisi and Strelisa, Stralitsa or Stralitsion by the Crusaders. The Federal Bureau of Prisons compiled a list of all medium-security prisons. Within the municipality, three-quarters, or 965,328 people are recorded as having access to television at home and 836,435 (64.8%) as having internet. The species of flora in the park are particularly rich and varied. [209] Sofia University was founded in 1888. They can be considered as a single complex, and played an important role in preserving the Bulgarian spiritual heritage during the centuries of Ottoman occupation. [69] The European Commission has taken Bulgaria to court over its failure to curb air pollution. Serdica expanded, as turrets, protective walls, public baths, administrative and cult buildings, a civic basilica, an amphitheatre, a circus, the City council (Boul), a large forum, a big circus (theatre), etc. [210] More than 20,000 students[211] study in its 16 faculties. OJC systems use locally developed and validated instruments, one at intake and another after a period of confinement, that identify the level of risk and needs presented by an inmate so that appropriate housing and program assignments can be made. The fall of the strategic city prompted a major and ultimately disastrous invasion of Bulgaria by the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros I, which led to his demise at the hands of the Bulgarian army. A refurbishment project is due to be completed in mid-2019,[131] while the old National Assembly building will become a museum or will only host ceremonial political events. Serdica became part of the First Bulgarian Empire during the reign of Khan Krum in 809, after a long siege. While walking in the area, visitors will also see the Banya Bashi Mosque, built in the 16th century. According to the census, 1,056,738 citizens (87.9%) are recorded as ethnic Bulgarians, 17,550 (1.5%) as Romani, 6,149 (0.5%) as Turks, 9,569 (0.8%) belonged to other ethnic groups, 6,993 (0.6%) do not self-identify and 105,762 (8.8%) remained with undeclared affiliation. Individuals will be placed at institutions that are consistent with their security classification rating. The NIC Jails Division's services include training, networks, technical assistance, and information resources, such as documents and DVDs. The most dynamic sectors include Information technology (IT) and manufacturing. [24] In 1979, the Boyana Church in Sofia was included onto the World Heritage List, and it was deconstructed in the Second Bulgarian Empire, holding much patrimonial symbolism to the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. Sredets joined the uprising of Peter Delyan in 10401041 in a failed attempt to restore Bulgarian independence and was the last stronghold of the rebels, led by the local commander Botko. [20] The city has been described as the "triangle of religious tolerance". The Ethnographic Museum and the Museum of Military History hold large collections of Bulgarian folk costumes and armaments, respectively. Newly admitted inmates are transported from county jails to one of several prison receiving centers where the risk assessment process begins. Gradually, a compromise arose, officialisation of Sofia for the nationwide institutions, while legitimating the title Sredets for the administrative and church institutions, before the latter was abandoned through the years.[39]. The Central Railway Station is the primary hub for domestic and international rail transport, carried out by Bulgarian State Railways (BDZ), the national rail company headquartered in the city. [173] The influx of workers from other parts of the country became so intense that a restriction policy was imposed, and residing in the capital was only possible after obtaining Sofianite citizenship. Close to the museum is the Boyana Church, one of the Bulgarian monuments that are listed among the UNESCO World Heritage sites. In total there were 11 big and over 100 small mosques by the 17th century. Sofia City Province has an area of 1344km2,[40] while the surrounding and much bigger Sofia Province is 7,059km2. The city is the hot spot of internal migration, the capital population is increasing and is around 17% of the national,[162] thus a small number of people with local roots remain today, they dominate the surrounding rural suburbs and are called Shopi. This church was built in 1912, and was designed by the Russian architect Alexander Pomerantsev. A fundamental principle of ODRC classification processes is to place individuals in the least restrictive setting possible that is still sufficient to ensure the safety and security of persons, the institution, and the community. Kiradzhiev, Svetlin (2006). Being in the centre of the Balkans, it is midway between the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea, and closest to the Aegean Sea.[18][19]. Sofia has been settled for many millennia. It takes its source in Rila, Bulgaria's highest mountain,[41] and enters Sofia Valley near the village of German. The author outlines specific aspects of system implementation, automation, monitoring, and evaluation of OJC systems. We provide training to help local jurisdictions learn the core elements of CITs and assess agency readiness to start a CIT. Public investments in infrastructure, education and local economy brought greater diversity to the city. The crypt of the Alexander Nevsky cathedral is another branch of the National Gallery. [78][87] It gradually became the most important Roman city of the region. : +359 2 4918344 Tel. During May and June, The Palace of Culture welcomes performers participating in the festival Sofia Music Weeks. The capitals many theaters and galleries offer a wide range of interesting exhibits and shows. 151156. [78], The earliest tribes who settled were the Thracian Tilataei. Multinationals with major research, development, innovation and engineering centers in Sofia include the second largest global IT center of Coca-Cola,[175] Ubisoft,[176] Hewlett-Packard,[177] VMware,[178] Robert Bosch GmbH,[179] Financial Times,[180] Experian, etc. [92] which was already not dissimilar to a tetrarchic capital of the Roman Empire. The extension of the underground system is hoped to alleviate the city's immense traffic problems. The National Museum of Ethnography is also located here, and the Museum of Natural History is a very short distance away, with exhibits of plants and animals that are very valuable, and even some that can no longer be seen in the wild. [74] However, a report by the European Court of Auditors issued in September 2018 revealed that Sofia has not drafted any projects to reduce air pollution from heating. [81] The earliest mention of the city comes from an Athenian inscription from the 1st century BC, attesting Astiu ton Serdon, i.e. In 809, Serdica was incorporated into the Bulgarian Empire by Khan Krum and became known as Sredets. Thus, Sofia became the first capital on the world to be overflown by enemy aircraft.[114]. There are a total of 29 km of ski runs on Vitosha, and the longest is 5 km. Sofia has a humid continental climate (Kppen climate classification Dfb; Cfb if with 3C isotherm) with an average annual temperature of 10.9C (51.6F). The Sofia Zoological Garden in the southern part of the city is the countrys largest zoo. There are four principal parks Borisova gradina in the city centre and the Southern, Western and Northern parks. Vitosha mountain is a popular hiking destination due to its proximity and ease of access via car and public transport. [68] Solid fuel used for heating and motor vehicle traffic are significant sources of pollutants. Sofia and the immediate vicinity also boast a great many spa complexes. inmate classification vg3 alabama meaning a nice variety of treatment and work programs too. Sofia (/sofi, sf-, sofi/ SOH-fee-, SOF-;[14][15] Bulgarian: , romanized:Sofiya,[16][17] IPA:[sfij] (listen)) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria. The Slavic name Sredets (), which is related to "middle" (, "sreda") and to the city's earliest name, first appeared on paper in an 11th-century text. Sofia concentrates the majority of Bulgaria's leading performing arts troupes. The birth rate per 1000 people was 12.3 per mile and steadily increasing in the last 5 years, the death rate reaching 12.1 per mile and decreasing. Historically, after World War II and the era of industrialisation under socialism, the city and its surrounding areas expanded rapidly and became the most heavily industrialised region of the country, with numerous factories producing steel, pig iron, machinery, industrial equipment, electronics, trams, chemicals, textiles, food. [158] Nearly all of these were constructed as competition venues and therefore have seating facilities for several hundred people. In 1382, the city fell to the Ottomans. We provide training on key elements in jail administration, jail resource management, and building a productive relationship between jail officials and their funding authority. The city is built west of the Iskar river, and has many mineral springs, such as the Sofia Central Mineral Baths. It seems that the first written mention of Serdica was made during his reign and the last mention was in the 19th century in a Bulgarian text (, Sardaki). Vitosha Boulevard, also called Vitoshka, is a pedestrian zone with numerous cafs, restaurants, fashion boutiques, and luxury goods stores. On the lower slopes of Mount Vitosha, in the Boyana District, is located the National Museum of History, with its collection from prehistoric times to the present day. 18792004". Roman emperors Aurelian (215275)[90] and Galerius (260311)[91] were born in Serdica. We provide training, technical assistance, and information resources on the design and operation of direct supervision jails and on key elements in managing inmate behavior in all types of jails. In 1867 was inaugurated the first chitalishte in Sofia a Bulgarian cultural institution. Sofia Municipality is identical to Sofia City Province, which is distinct from Sofia Province, which surrounds but does not include the capital itself. It occupies an area of 3,170 square metres (34,122 square feet) and can hold 10,000 people. Sofia is also home to Bulgarias most prestigious and largest educational institutions universities, colleges, and middle schools that offer solidly-grounded, up-to-date instruction in such disciplines as Architecture, Medicine, The Humanities, Engineering, Music and Choreography, and Fine Arts. These services are conducted under five initiatives. The ADOC Classification Manual is the document of direction in all matters of inmate classification and procedures thereunto. Vitosha is in the south; the Balkan Mountains define the valley's northern fringes. Sofia entered a period of economic and political decline in the 17th century, accelerated during the period of anarchy in the Ottoman Balkans of the late 18th and early 19th century, when local Ottoman warlords ravaged the countryside. [70] During the October 2017 March 2018 heating season, particulate levels exceeded the norm on 70 occasions;[69] on 7 January 2018, PM10 levels reached 632g/m3,[72] some twelve times the EU norm of 50g/m3. Opportunities for sport and recreation in the capital are many and varied outdoor swimming pools, tennis courts, modern gymnasiums and sports halls, and parks. Inmate Behavior Management: The Key to a Safe and Secure Jail, Issues in Jail Operations, 2003: Perspectives from State Jail Inspection Agencies, Objective Jail Classification Systems: A Guide for Jail Administrators. On his way to Constantinople, Basil II was ambushed and soundly defeated by the Bulgarians in the battle of the Gates of Trajan. The parks are equipped with safe, modern, playground equipment, and there are both childrens playgrounds and indoor recreational facilities for children. In 1530 Sofia became the capital of the Ottoman province (beylerbeylik) of Rumelia for about three centuries. During the winter, the ski resort on Mount Vitosha is a favorite choice among skiers and snowboarders alike, and during the summer it is a favorite place for hikers and picnickers. Akademai Klado, 1966. These elements are: assessing risk and needs; assigning inmates to housing; meeting inmates basic needs; defining and conveying expectations for inmate behavior; supervising inmates; and keeping inmates productively occupied. ERH - A security level for individuals who commit or lead others to commit violent, disruptive, predatory, riotous actions, or who otherwise pose a serious threat to the security of the institution as set forth in the established ERH criteria. Any detainee who cannot be classified because of missing information at the time The National Institute of Corrections helps agencies develop or modify their . During that time Sofia was the largest import-export-base in modern-day Bulgaria for the caravan trade with the Republic of Ragusa. [160][161], According to the 2011 census, throughout the whole municipality some 892,511 people (69.1%) are recorded as Eastern Orthodox Christians, 10,256 (0.8%) as Protestant, 6,767 (0.5%) as Muslim, 5,572 (0.4%) as Roman Catholic, 4,010 (0.3%) belonged to other faith and 372,475 (28.8%) declared themselves irreligious or did not mention any faith. The physical security requirements for Level 4 may vary based on the overall physical structure of the facility. Objective jail classification (OJC) is a process of assessing every jail inmate's custody and program needs and is considered one of the most important management tools available to jail administrators and criminal justice system planners. [116] Sofia's architecture combines a wide range of architectural styles, some of which are aesthetically incompatible. The city center contains many remains of ancient Serdica that have been excavated and are on public display, including Complex Ancient Serdica, eastern gate, western gate, city walls, thermal baths, 4th c. church of St. George Rotunda, amphitheatre of Serdica, the tombs and basilicas under the basilica of St. Sophia. The Iskar flows north toward the Balkan Mountains, passing between the eastern city suburbs, next to the main building and below the runways of Sofia Airport, and flows out of the Sofia Valley at the town of Novi Iskar, where the scenic Iskar Gorge begins.[42]. In honor of its hot springs, in the 8th century BC the Thracian tribes settled here gave the city its first name Serdika or Serdonpolis. [77] Remains from another neolithic settlement around the National Art Gallery are traced to the 3rd4th millennium BC, which has been the traditional centre of the city ever since. [203] Consequently, traffic and air pollution problems have become more severe and receive regular criticism in local media. Sofia was declared the national capital in 1879. [182] Supported by the city's R&D expertise, Sofia is shifting to high value-added manufacturing including electrical equipment, precision mechanics, pharmaceuticals.